Am 21. Februar 2021 wäre der US-amerikanische Philosoph John Bordley Rawls hundert Jahre alt geworden. Die Bedeutung seines Werkes für die politische Philosophie im Ganzen und die Theorie der liberalen, pluralistischen, sozialen und säkularen Demokratie im Besonderen lässt sich kaum überschätzen. Das gilt vor allem für das Opus Magnum Eine Theorie der Gerechtigkeit, welches 2021 ebenfalls einen runden Geburtstag feiert. Fünfzig Jahre nach ihrem Erscheinen gilt die Theorie als wichtigstes Werk des zeitgenössischen politischen Liberalismus und ihr Verfasser als Klassiker des (...) politischen Denkens, auf den zahlreiche Begriffe, Impulse und Themen der aktuellen Debatten zurückzuführen sind. Dieses zweifache Jubiläum nimmt der vorliegende Schwerpunkt der Zeitschrift für Praktische Philosophie zum Anlass, um aktuelle systematische Fragen der Theorie der Gerechtigkeit aufzugreifen, kritisch zu evaluieren und konstruktiv weiter zu entwickeln. (shrink)

Sowohl die wissenschaftliche als auch die lebensweltliche Praxis sind ohne den Austausch von Gründen nicht denkbar, und dennoch ist notorisch unklar, was man unter Gründen eigentlich verstehen sollte: Was ist ihr ontologischer und erkenntnistheoretischer Status? Sind sie objektiv oder subjektiv? In welchem Verhältnis stehen praktische und theoretische Gründe zueinander? Was können Gründe überhaupt leisten? Die in diesem Band versammelten Kongressbeiträge untersuchen das Thema »Gründe« aus den unterschiedlichen Perspektiven der verschiedenen Strömungen der zeitgenössischen Philosophie. Dieser Pluralismus spiegelt sich auch in den (...) Hauptvorträgen wider, für die Seyla Benhabib, Lorraine Daston, Peter Gärdenfors, Jürgen Habermas, Franz von Kutschera, Susan Neiman und Robert Pippin gewonnen werden konnten. (shrink)

Thomas Hobbes’ Lebensaufgabe besteht in einer wissenschaftlichen Staatsphilosophie. Dabei stellt er sich den drei Herausforderungen seiner Epoche: methodisch dem Beweisideal der Mathematik, politisch der blutigen Wirklichkeit der Kriege und Bürgerkriege und moralisch dem Schwinden gemeinsamer Überzeugungen. Weil er sich allen drei Herausforderungen stellt, zugleich sie miteinander verbindet, schafft er das die Tradition stürzende Argumentationsmuster der politischen Moderne, die Vertragstheorie. Mit ihr bringt er eine der größten Staatsphilosophien der abendländischen Geistesgeschichte hervor. In De cive / Vom Bürger (1642), das noch vor (...) dem Leviathan (1651) entstand, finden sich bereits zahlreiche von Hobbes’ zentralen Gedanken zur politischen Philosophie. Diese Schrift wird hier durchgängig von international renommierten Autoren kommentiert. Mit Beiträgen von Jeremy Adler, Ronald Asch, Dirk Brantl, Franz Hespe, Moritz Hildt, Otfried Höffe, Heiner Klemme, Elif Özmen, Dietrich Schotte, Peter Schröder, Patricia Springborg, Tom Sorell und Lothar Waas. (shrink)

Ultimately all change in the social world depends on self-expansion leading to self-transcendence, that is, depends upon, even if it does not entirely consist in, radical negation, which is pivotal...

The purpose of this study was to determine the opinions and expectations of patients and nurses about privacy during a hospital admission for surgery. The study explored what enables and maintains privacy from the perspective of Turkish surgical patients and nurses. The study included 102 adult patients having surgery and 47 nurses caring for them. Data were collected via semistructured questionnaire by face-to-face interviews. The results showed that patients were mostly satisfied by the respect shown to their privacy by the (...) nurses but were less confident of the confidentiality of their personal data. It was found that patients have expectations regarding nursing approaches and attitudes about acknowledging and respecting patient autonomy and confidentiality. It is remarkable that while nurses focused on the physical dimension of privacy, patients focused on informational and psychosocial dimensions of privacy, as well as its physical dimension. (shrink)

Premarital sexual relations are unacceptable for women within Turkish society's understanding and perception of honour. If there is any suspicion about virginity, young girls are forced to undergo hymen examination against their will, which frequently results in attemped suicide. The most frequent cause of suicide in young Turkish girls is hymen examination. Nurses and midwives are always involve in this procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine the views of and approaches to hymen examination by nurses and midwives. (...) Of those who participated in this study, 80.2% had been present during a hymen examination, 40.4% indicated that virginity had a special significance in the society owing to social pressures, and 37.5% indicated that they agreed with the view that the idea of virginity puts restraints on a woman's sexual life, whereas sexual activity is a physiological need. They also indicated their opposition to hymen examination imposed without the individual's consent. They agreed that stopping this practice depended more on the social structural changes required than on legal measures. (shrink)

One of the most important criteria for professionalism is accumulation of knowledge that is usable in professional practice. Nursing models and theories are important elements of accumulating nursing knowledge and have a chance to guarantee the ethical professional practice. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of models in nursing research and newly created terminology has started to be used in nursing. In this study, a new model, termed as the Professional Values Model, developed by the (...) authors was described. Concepts comprising the conceptual framework of the model and relations between the concepts were explained. It is assumed that awareness about concepts of the model will increase not only the patients’ satisfaction with nursing care, but also the nurses’ job satisfaction and quality of nursing care. Contemporary literature has been reviewed and synthesized to develop this theoretical paper on the Professional Values Model in nursing. Having high values in nursing increases job satisfaction, which results in the improvement of patient care and satisfaction. Also, individual characteristics are effective in the determination of individual needs, priorities, and values. This relation, proved through research about the Professional Values Model, has been explained. With development of these concepts, individuals’ satisfaction with care and nurses’ job satisfaction will be enhanced, which will increase the quality of nursing care. Most importantly, nurses can take proper decisions about ethical dilemmas and take ethical action when they take these values into consideration when giving care. The Professional Values Model seems suitable for nurse managers and it is expected that testing will improve it. Implementation of the Professional Values Model by nurse managers may increase motivation of nurses they work with. It is suggested that guidance by the Professional Values Model may help in enhancement of motivation efforts of the nurse managers and therefore should be taken into account. (shrink)

With agents relying more and more on information from central servers rather than their own sensors, knowledge becomes property not of a specific agent but of the data that the agents can access. The article proposes a dynamic logic of data-informed knowledge that describes an interplay between three modalities and one relation capturing the properties of this form of knowledge. The main technical results are the undefinability of two dynamic operators through each other, a sound and complete axiomatisation, and a (...) model checking algorithm. (shrink)

Background: Values are ideals and beliefs that individuals and groups uphold and lie at the core of the diverse world of human behaviour and are expressed in every human decision and action, both consciously and unconsciously. They represent basic beliefs of what is right, good or desirable and motivate both personal and professional behaviour. In the context of nursing profession, values are essential in order to maintain high standards of the nursing care. Objectives: This study was planned to examine changes (...) in nursing students’ personal and professional values between entering and graduating from an undergraduate nursing programme. Ethical considerations: Measures to protect participants included obtaining Deaconship of Nursing Faculty approval, obtaining signed informed consent and maintaining confidentiality. Methods: This study was designed as longitudinal quality. The research population included 143 students registered at a first grade of a nursing faculty for the 2009–2010 academic year. Data were collected with a Questionnaire Form, the Value Preferences Scale, the Professional Values Precedence Scale and the Nursing Professional Values Scale. Findings: According to the results, social values have statistical differences in 4-year nursing education. Nursing students in second class have higher score in terms of social values than those in third class. Also, majority of students ranked human dignity as first and justice as second and third from first to fourth classes, and they have very high scores on Nursing Professional Values Scale and its subscales and stated that all items of Nursing Professional Values Scale are very important. Conclusion: As a result, nursing education has vital role in acquiring and maintaining professional values. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this article I discuss Bernardine Evaristo’s Girl, Woman, Other as a transmodern narrative that gives voice to a marginalised group of black women living in Britain. Written in a hybrid style that combines prose and poetry and eschewing punctuation and long sentences, the novel interweaves sundry stories from the late nineteenth to the twenty-first century set in countries ranging from Africa, the Caribbean, and America to Britain. This networked structure exposes transtemporal and transnational patterns of diversity, connectedness and (...) relationality, as well as the distinctive genealogy of black British women and their maternal empowerment. I argue that the resilience of the characters in the face of social, racial and gender marginalisation springs from their empathic relatedness and solidarity. This emphasis on the importance of care for the other highlights the need for improving not only women’s rights and socioeconomic opportunities but of benefiting humanity on a broader scale. (shrink)

It is one of the main allegations impelled by feminist theorists against Kant's philosophy that the subject Kant placed at the base of his understanding of rationality is masculine, a Westerner and belongs to upper/middle class. In fact, there is considerable supporting evidence to promote this claim for mainstream Western philosophy in general and Kant's philosophy in particular. On the other hand, while reckoning with the history of philosophy, and examining whether it is possible to break away from philosophical concepts (...) and categories or not, is another matter of discussion. In this article, I try to focus on various possibilities that can reconcile Kant's philosophy with the demands of liberal feminism and an inclusive democratic participation principle. It is important that to discuss whether it is possible to make a new reading that can be reconciled with feminist demands by ignoring the misogynistic discourses in Kant's works, especially starting from the concepts of autonomy and personality. Today, many factors like traditions, prejudices, oppressive forms of government, etc. prevent women from taking part in public life as free agents and autonomously, and from being considered as “subjects with the status of rights”. Therefore, I argue that Kant's concepts such as autonomy, becoming a person and having the conditions for free action, do have something in common with feminist demands. (shrink)

In this article, the artist/author wishes to examine corporeality in the virtual realm, through the usage of the (non)-physical body of the avatar. Two sister art installations created in the virtual world of Second Life, both of which are meant to be accessed with site-specific avatars, will provide the creative platform whereby this investigation is undertaken. While the installation Anatomia aims to propel the visitor towards reflections of an introverted nature, involving the fragility of the physical self, body parts seeks (...) to challenge the residents of virtual environments to connect with the virtual manifestations, i.e., avatars, of others in an emotionally expressive/intimate manner. (shrink)

This article argues that Mariam uses its eponymous heroine's lived and embodied experiences of veiling to explore the impact of French secular legislation on Muslim schoolgirls' everyday lives in F...

The aim of this article is to investigate the ways in which memory and imagination operate in and through the development of consciousness in literary texts. Itsguiding theme shall be the double consciousness in modern life which sets the plot for one of the masterpieces of Henry James, The Ambassadors (1903). Thus The Ambassadors artfully crafts the “inwardness of the modern mind” by plotting it as a process of maturity and of becoming mindful through the powers of imagination, recollection and (...) memory. The prospect of the novel consists in the possibility of envisioning a sense of freedom or of life that is one’s own making. The interpretation that I endorse here is guided by the question of intimacy and its relation to freedom, and is made in the light of what Hegel says in his Philosophy of Mind with regard to the development of mind’s powers. This assessment may disclose a way of learning and growing through becoming mindful of the oppositions that pervade the modern mind. Henry James and Hegel, each in their unique way, recollect this lesson that modern life teaches by raising it to a higher consciousness as we find in the form of their art and philosophy. (shrink)

Ensuring well-being ahead of positive psychology aims at the treatment of individuals with psychological problems. Positive psychology contributes to the improvement of traumatic processes. But there is more to the field of study of positive psychology than that. In studies in this field, it has become important for individuals to be empowered with their own internal resources and to feel good with their values. The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between the concepts of psychological well-being and (...) consent. The main purpose of the concept of psychological well-being is to support the individual with its own values in a psychologically healthy life. These values strengthen individuals and contribute to mental health by helping regulate people's cognition, emotions and behaviours. Religion is full of values for a happy and peaceful life for the believers. Religious values have the potential to empower people, enhance their cognition, and provide psychological well-being. The concept of consent is contained many meanings such as; Accepting the result after making an effort to get what they want in life, being resilience against negative life events, being hopeful, being satisfied with the life he/she lives, to find inner peace, having good moral qualities and good morals. It has been determined that components such as acceptance of emotions arising from negative experiences, a meaningful life, life satisfaction, psychological resilience related to the concept of psychological well-being are included in the concept of consent among the religious concepts. In this paper, positive psychology and "consent", a religious concept, have been examined and suggested for positive psychology practices for individuals with faith in order to empower them with their own values. (shrink)

In recent years, one of the important issues discussed in epistemology is the problem of disagreement. The epistemology of disagreement is mostly discussed through peer disagreement. The question of whether two epistemic peers should make a change in their beliefs after awareness of the disagreement is important in these discussions. To this question; there are four main answers: conciliationism, steadfastness, total evidence view, and justificationist view. In this thesis, I found these answers insufficient and put forward a new argument, which (...) i named as 'the evidence- based argument in peer disagreement'. Religious disagreements, with some of its cases that fall within the scope of peer disagreement, cause religious diversity. Whether religious diversity itself and religious disagreements will detract from the epistemological status of our religious belief is another matter of debate for religious epistemology. I have demonstrated that our religious belief is rational despite religious diversity and religious disagreements, both by using my argument and by putting forward various epistemological reasons. (shrink)

The ayn-dayn distinction in Ḥanafī legal thought shapes directly many regulations related to the law of obligations, from the legitimacy conditions of the contracts to the principles of compensation obligation. Three aspects are important in understanding the formative function of this distinction. The first of them is what is the conceptual content of ayn and dayn in Ḥanafī terminology. The second of them is what kind of relationship there is between the qualities of goods and ayn and dayn. The third (...) of them is what kind of differences exist between ayn and dayn in terms of their effects on legal regulations. According to Ḥanafī terminology, in a debt relationship, dayn means goods that have not yet been delivered to the creditor, whether they are in the hands of the debtor or not, in terms of goods (gold, silver and money) that are not suitable for determination by determining. Dayn represents the identical goods that is under the responsibility of the debtor in terms of non-existing identical goods. In terms of existing identical goods, dayn represents the identical goods that exist in clusters but have not yet been determined individually. Non-standard goods are goods that are not suitable for dayn because they are not suitable for abstraction from their material existence. Ayn represents the existing and determined goods in terms of non-standard goods and existing identical goods. Ayn represents the goods received by the creditor in terms of gold, silver, money and identical goods that are in the debtor's obligation from the beginning. What stands out among the differences between ayn and dayn is that although destruction and damage can be considered for ayn, they cannot be considered for dayn. In terms of some legal regulations, establishing a relationship between strict liability and dayn and between fault liability and ayn is a result of this. The other important differences between ayn and dayn are the fact that dayn is only determined by delivery and that postponement and remittance are specific to the dayn. (shrink)

In Ḥanafī legal thought, ta‘ātī (mutual delivery of goods and price) has been seen as a sales contract without the need for an additional legal transaction. This situation raises the question of whether the delivery transaction took place after a void (bāṭil) or invalid (fāsid) sales contract can be considered as a new contract that is revealed through ta‘ātī. In this study, which we aim to answer the aforementioned question, first of all, the issue of what kind of relationship is (...) established between the definition of the sales contract and the legitimacy of the ta‘ātī is discussed. Secondly, the relationship between the principles of “When something is void, what is implicit in that thing is also void.”, “What builds on what is invalid is also invalid” and the delivery transaction that took place after a void or invalid contract is discussed. Thirdly, it has been discussed whether the acceptance of the delivery transaction after a void or invalid contract as a new contract is dependent on the fact that the first contract has been legally terminated. In Ḥanafī thought two approaches have emerged regarding the relationship between ta‘ātī and void or invalid contract. According to Ḥanafī jurists based on the above-mentioned two principles, the delivery transaction that took place after a void or invalid contract is not a new contract. The fact that the delivery transaction becomes a new contract depends on the fact that the first contract was terminated in a legal way. In the approach of Ḥalvānī and Kāsānī, the fact that the delivery transaction that took place after a void or invalid contract gains the quality of a new contract is not dependent on the fact that the first contract is legally terminated. This approach is very important in terms of making it possible for the idea that “Delivery that took place after a void or invalid contract has the quality of a new contract.” to attribute the classical Ḥanafī thought. (shrink)